Radiographers To Diagnose of Breast Cancer

Question: Discuss about the Comparing ability of radiographers to diagnose benign and malignant breast cancer through mammography across hospitals in SA and the UK. Answer: Introduction Background of the study Statistical studies provide evidence for the diagnosis of more than 1.7 million cases of breast cancer in the year 2012 (Torre et al. 2015). Mammography refers to special kind of breast imaging technique that utilizes low doses of x-rays for detection of cancer, at a stage when it is curable. The role of radiologists has evolved over the years with their increased involvement in patient care (Bleyer and Welch 2012). Most studies focus on the increasing importance of image interpretation that has been undertaken in several countries such as, the UK and Netherlands for the past two decades (Holt and Pollard 2010). Furthermore, there are a wide range of training programs that illustrate the essential role of radiographers in screening mammography and elaborate on the fact that trained radiographers can interpret mammograms similar to radiologists. Thus, mammograms aid in diagnosis and early detection of breast cancer among women. Problem statement Mammograms are routinely administered among women, without apparent symptoms, to detect benign and malignant breast cancer. Research aim The objective of the research is determining the ability of mammography radiographers across 4 hospitals in the Saudi Arabia and UK. The study aims to describe and identify features of malignant and benign cancer in the mammographic projections. The project will further establish the capability of the radiographers in describing the imaging pathway for clarification of the disease pathologies. Research objective There are several objectives that the research intends to achieve. These are stated below: What is the effectiveness of providing training to mammography radiographers for reading the images? Does this training provided to radiographers facilitate the ability to read the images without further training? Do further training courses and continued professional education increase performance of radiographers in reading the images? Research hypotheses The three research hypothesis that will help in speculating the outcomes of the intended research are mentioned below: Radiographers selected from the 2 selected countries (Saudi Arabia and the UK) will easily distinguish between benign and malignant cancer from the mammographic images. The clinical knowledge and experience of the radiographers from the selected country will help them in reporting cancer The knowledge gained by the radiographers belonging to the 2 communities will be distinct from each other due to difference in their professional education. Literature Review Research question The research question that will be addressed in the literature review is as follows: Can radiographers diagnose benign and malignant breast cancer through mammography? The research question has been kept specific and has been broken down into several components based on the PICO framework. This PICO format is generally considered for framing foreground questions that govern a research (Cooke, Smith and Booth 2012). PICO refers to population, intervention, comparison and outcome. P Population Individuals breast cancer I Intervention Mammography C Comparison NA O Outcome Early detection and prevention Several key terms, in combination with boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT were used for searching relevant literature. These boolean operators were made use of, for expanding and narrowing down the search results. The operators helped to connect the search terms together. AND helped in narrowing down the hits and included relevant search terms that were present in the database records (McGowan et al. 2016). The Boolean operator OR helped in connecting synonyms. Thus, it broadened the search hits. On the other hand, the term NOT was used to exclude unnecessary terms from the search. Electronic databases such as CINAHL and MEDLINE were searched for the relevant articles that were published in English, not prior to 2010, and were peer reviewed. The research articles published prior to 2010 were not included for the literature review (Raebel et al. 2013). Multiple trials have been carried out in recent years to investigate the roles of radiographers in early diagnosis of benign and malignant cancer. A study conducted by Torres-Meja et al. (2015) focused on devising an alternative approach to evaluate to the traditional model of radiologists in interpretation or screening of mammography in several countries. The study recruited 15 radiographers from the state of Mexico based on certain eligibility criteria that included a formal role in mammography facility, completion of adequate training for radiographers, a minimum 6 months of experience in breast imaging and X-ray imaging and consent from the institutions for their participation in the study. The authors conducted a training program at a Digital Diagnostic Center, for a total duration of over 6 months. The training programs primarily encompassed conduction of clinical lectures and in-service training modules by three experienced radiologists. The participants were subjected to inte rpretation of digital mammographies using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) system. With a progress in time, the number of mammographies that were assigned to each participant increased, followed by weekly feedbacks. The median number of images interpreted by the radiographers was 777, over a period of 122 training hours. A formal evaluation using a self-administered test confirmed the presence of 15 biopsy confirmed cancers, 14 non-cancers that were judged by the U.S expert radiologists judged, and 81 non-cancers that were judged as no findings. The expert radiologists stated that of the 15 confirmed breast cancer images, 3 were obvious, 5 subtle and 7 intermediate. Statistical analysis revealed that all radiographers had received a median duration of training for 2.5 years, prior to which they did not have any experience. While the median sensitivity was found to be 73.3 % (IQR: 46.7-86.7 %), the average false positive was 49.5 % (IQR: 34.757.9 %).Furthermore, it was found that employment of radiologists for interpreting mammographic images was more cost effective when compared to radiographers. Thus, the study supported the role of radiographers as good non-radiologist candidates for interpreting the images, owing to their professional dedication and experience. Similar findings were supported by another study that aimed to assess the accuracy of radiographers in screening mammography images (Debono et al. 2015). The study enrolled 10 radiographers based on their diagnostic and screening capacity having radiography experience ranging from 7-47 years. No formalized screening training was conducted and the respondents were made to screen 500 mammogram images. Selection bias was removed by not informing the participants of the prevalence of cancer in the population. The mammography images were stratified into 3 categories namely, normal mammograms; benign mammograms and malignant mammograms, on the basis of their histology. The participants were made to perform screening over a series of sessions, without specific time limits. They were blinded to the original reports of radiologists. Approximately 20-155 mammograms were screened by each radiographer. A bivariate model was used to account for the correlation between specificity and sensitivity. The accuracy of radiographers was found to vary with specificity levels ranging from 74.896.2% and sensitivity levels from 76.092.0%. Thus, the results were able to determine the fact that radiographers had reasonable levels of specificity and sensitivity, upon comparison with the gold standard. The results also provided evidence for the fact that majority of radiographers demonstrated greater abnormality in detection ability when compared to previous studies. Thus, it was postulated that an increase in formal training will improve the accuracy levels among radiographers. The roles and responsibilities of consultant radiographers were investigated by another qualitative study that sent questionnaires to 24 consultant breast radiographers working in the UK (Rees 2014). An assessment was carried out for the 22 complete responses sent by the participants that suggested an increase in the number of consultant radiographers in recent years. 17 participants spoke of moving away from their work citing professional boredom and lack of job satisfaction. Analysis of the questionnaire responses suggested that the most radiographers strive for additional knowledge and displayed a willingness to progress for adorning their professional role and responsibility. Thus, the study emphasized on the fact that professional training and continuing education is imperative to an improvement in their performance. The performance of radiographers in assessing or screening mammograms was compared with radiologists in a systematic review conducted by Moran and Warren-Forward (2016). The review included studies that focused on radiographer participants, with or without adequate training and compared them to the gold standard. Quantitative studies that examined the diagnostic outcomes for the radiographers were included in the review. On the other hand, it excluded abstracts, case studies and narrative reviews from the analysis. On carrying out a thorough analysis of current literature it was found that radiographers have the necessary skills for displaying proficiency in reporting or screening of mammograms. The review further emphasized on the fact that there is a need to provide advanced training to radiographers, which in turn will help them to utilize their skills on a regular basis. Further analysis of the results suggested that the radiographers should be provided with adequate time and res ources before the interpretation of mammograms is reported. The feasibility of providing training to radiographers for delivering a one-to-one treatment for raising awareness on breast cancer among older women was investigated by some authors (Omar et al. 2010). The study included two radiographers from breast screening services located at London and trained them over a period of 3 months, following which their competence to deliver appropriate intervention was evaluated on the basis of randomly selected interviews. 3 of the 4 participants demonstrated minimum competency criteria for the practice interventions. However, their competence improved over time. The mean scores for the confidence items showed an increase between the first and third days of training. An improvement was observed in delivering the interventions with progress in time. Further analysis of the results during follow up showed that delivery of intervention helped in enhancing the interaction of the radiographers with the women who attended the breast screening programs. Th us, the study helped to conclude that adoption to the training programs is feasible as well as challenging while implementing these interventions for early prevention of breast cancer. Methodology This section will describe the actions that are intended to be taken for investigating the research questions and will also illustrate the rationale that is to be applied for implementation of some specific procedures meant for identification, selection and analysis of the information. The section will encompass steps that are well researched and carefully formulated (Kumar 2014). It contains information on data collection, the sample for the study, outcomes to be measured, data analysis tools and the expected interpretations of the results. Method outline This study will be conducted over period of 6 months and will involve 40 radiographers, experienced in interpreting mammography images. The participants will be recruited across 4 hospitals, from two countries namely, Saudi Arabia and the UK. Not less than 10 radiographers shall be enrolled from each hospital to ensure that the sample reflects the educational background of the country selected. The primary objective of the study is establishing the capability of specialist mammography radiographers from two countries for identification, naming and description of benign and malignant lesions in mammographic projections. The study will be carried out in two phases. Research design Phase 1- This will involve study and assessment of the abilities and educational levels of the radiographers across 4 healthcare centres in the UK and Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire will be used as the data collection tool, which will be distributed in the selected hospitals. The structured questionnaire will help in gathering and collating information related to demographic data from the population under investigation (Krosnick 2018). Various sources shall be used to formulate the questionnaire, for ensuring that it is adequately framed and well structured. All forms of biases with regards to the questions shall be eliminated. Numerical ranking of the collected data will help to gather both qualitative and quantitative information (Ergu and Kou 2012). Some of the questions related to demography present in the structured questionnaire will encompass the following aspects: Years of experience in mammography detection Advanced training courses in the area of mammography Attending multidisciplinary departmental meetings Extra readings on mammography Continuing professional education Their understanding and knowledge on mammography image detection and identification shall also be investigated using several projections. Thus, the questionnaire will act as a sample of convenience (Marshall et al. 2013). Thus, a minimum of 20 radiographers need to be recruited from each country to avoid bias in the survey results. The data will be complied by moving across cities in Saudi Arabia and the UK. Phase 2- This phase will involve detecting the capability of the recruited participants to discern and differentiate between benign and malignant breast cancer by observing the mammogram images that will be displayed on a computer screen. The images will be clear enough to distinguish between benign and malignant cancer forms. Not less than 6 images will be selected and they will vary in their patterns namely, normal to abnormal and benign to cancerous. On distribution of the images to the radiographers, a time limit of 2 weeks shall be provided for completion of the questionnaire. Data collection A pilot study will be conducted. It will acts as a preliminary trial that will be performed before conduction of the aforementioned study. The pilot study will be conducted to specifically check the validity and effectiveness of the questionnaire, by ensuring that the respondents face no difficulty in answering it (Sim and Lewis 2012). It will also eliminate all kinds of issues that might arise during data analysis. The structured questionnaires are the primary data collection tool that would help in assessing the capabilities of the radiographers in 2 phases. Data analysis Phase 1- The variables for this phase are: Educational level of the radiographers Experience in mammography Advance training and its application Therefore, nonparametric tests will primarily be applied for analysis of the collected data that is both qualitative (nominal) as well as quantitative (ratio) data. Data in a nonparametric test is not required to be fitted in normal distribution (Tendeiro and Meijer 2014). Thus, no assumptions shall be made about the population parameter. The Kruskall-Wallis test will be used to calculate the percentage of the qualitative data and will be described through tables, charts, paragraphs and bar graphs (Liu and Chen 2012).?On the other hand, statistical and mathematical procedures will be applied on the quantitative data, depending on its distribution. Chi-square tests will be used to compute them, following which they will be arranged in bar charts (Schumacker and Tomek 2013). Phase 2- The variables for this phase are: Ability of the radiographers to accurately assess and classify the mammography images. Therefore, both parametric and nonparametric statistical tests shall be put to use for analysis of this data. Independent t-test and chi-square test will be performed for the analysis of their capabilities (De Winter 2013). Ethical considerations Prior permission will be taken from the mammography departments of the hospitals for retrieving the projections. The study shall be guided by ethical principles by respecting the rights of the respondents. The reports shall be presented without any manipulation. Limitations The major difficulties are related to the lack of adequate scientific literature sources on this topic in Saudi Arabia. Another concern is associated to difficulty in data collection from radiographers in Saudi Arabia, owing to their cultural beliefs and social taboos. References Bleyer, A. and Welch, H.G., 2012. Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence.New England Journal of Medicine,367(21), pp.1998-2005. Cooke, A., Smith, D. and Booth, A., 2012. Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), pp.1435-1443. De Winter, J.C., 2013. Using the Student's t-test with extremely small sample sizes.Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation,18(10), pp.1-12. Debono, J.C., Poulos, A.E., Houssami, N., Turner, R.M. and Boyages, J., 2015. Evaluation of radiographers mammography screen?reading accuracy in Australia.Journal of medical radiation sciences,62(1), pp.15-22. Ergu, D. and Kou, G., 2012. Questionnaire design improvement and missing item scores estimation for rapid and efficient decision making.Annals of Operations Research, pp.1-19. Holt, J.J. and Pollard, K., 2010. Radiographers' ability to perceive and classify abnormalities on mammographic images-results of a pilot project.Radiographer: The Official Journal of the Australian Institute of Radiography, The,57(2), p.8. Krosnick, J.A., 2018. Questionnaire design. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Survey Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 439-455. Kumar, R., 2014.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage, pp.119-131. Liu, Y. and Chen, W., 2012. A SAS macro for testing differences among three or more independent groups using Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi tests.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology--Medical Sciences--,32(1), pp.130-134. Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A. and Fontenot, R., 2013. Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(1), pp.11-22. McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D.M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V. and Lefebvre, C., 2016. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement.Journal of clinical epidemiology,75, pp.40-46. Moran, S. and Warren-Forward, H., 2016. The diagnostic accuracy of radiographers assessing screening mammograms: A systematic review.Radiography,22(2), pp.137-146. Omar, L., Burgess, C.C., Tucker, L.D., Whelehan, P. and Ramirez, A.J., 2010. Can radiographers be trained to deliver an intervention to raise breast cancer awareness, and thereby promote early presentation of breast cancer, in older women?.Radiography,16(2), pp.101-107. Raebel, M.A., Schmittdiel, J., Karter, A.J., Konieczny, J.L. and Steiner, J.F., 2013. Standardizing terminology and definitions of medication adherence and persistence in research employing electronic databases.Medical care,51(8 0 3), p.S11. Rees, Z., 2014. Consultant breast radiographers: where are we now?: an evaluation of the current role of the consultant breast radiographer.Radiography,20(2), pp.121-125. Schumacker, R. and Tomek, S., 2013. Chi-square test. InUnderstanding Statistics Using R. Springer New York, pp.169-175. Sim, J. and Lewis, M., 2012. The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency.Journal of clinical epidemiology,65(3), pp.301-308. Tendeiro, J.N. and Meijer, R.R., 2014. Detection of invalid test scores: The usefulness of simple nonparametric statistics.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3), pp.239-259. Torre, L.A., Bray, F., Siegel, R.L., Ferlay, J., Lortet?Tieulent, J. and Jemal, A., 2015. Global cancer statistics, 2012.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(2), pp.87-108. Torres-Meja, G., Smith, R.A., de la Luz Carranza-Flores, M., Bogart, A., Martnez-Matsushita, L., Miglioretti, D.L., Kerlikowske, K., Ortega-Olvera, C., Montemayor-Varela, E., Angeles-Llerenas, A. and Bautista-Arredondo, S., 2015. Radiographers supporting radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography: a viable strategy to meet the shortage in the number of radiologists.BMC cancer,15(1), p.410.

Corporate Accounting and Reporting Economics and Business

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Accounting and Reportingfor Economics and Business. Answer: Introduction AASB 36 on impairment of asset ensures that the asset of a company must not carried at greater than the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is taken as the value obtained by deducting the disposal cost from the fair value and value in use, whichever is higher. One exception to the general rule of impairment is that for intangible assets and goodwill, companies are required to conduct the test for impairment annually, if there is a signal of impairment of asset. The test can also be carried out for cash generating unit that are not generating cash on regular basis. The main purpose of impairment test is as follows: To find out whether there is any signal of impairment, the recoverable amount for any asset and identification of any cash generating unit To find out the recoverable amount for intangible asset, goodwill with their useful life and requirement of measuring the asset with regard to impairment whether any indication exist or not (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016) Impairment test for existence of goodwill are carried out as follows: Goodwill requires the test for impairment annually, even if there is no indication for impairment. The requirement is to ensure that the goodwill obtained by the business is allocated to cash generating unit base on the proper method of allocation. When any cash generating unit is disposed, then the allocated goodwill to that unit will be re-allocated over the other units and again the test for impairment will be carried out. The impairment test of cash generating unit to which the goodwill are allocated can be done at during any time of the year and the test have to be done at the same time of each year. Various cash generating unit can be tested in different times. However, if any cash generating unit to which the total goodwill or part of goodwill has been allocated are sold or acquired by in business combination process in the present year, that unit must be tested before the closing of annual period. AASB 136 allows the latest calculation for the previous year for the calculatio n of recoverable amount of any cash generating unit on which goodwill is allocated for using in the test in current year, if the requirements are met (Laing and Perrin 2014). Entry for goodwill impairment will be as follows: Impairment of goodwill a/c debit xxx To accumulated impairment for goodwill xxx Profit and loss a/c debit xxx To goodwill impairment xxx Steps in applying impairment test are as follows: Identifying the asset for impairment: At the end of every closing period, the company must assess the indication of impairment for the asset. If there is any signal for impairment, the assets recoverable amount must be estimated. Intangible assets should be tested for impairment on annual basis even if there is no indication of impairment. If the indication of impairment exists for any particular asset, then the recoverable amount of that asset must be calculated (Khokan Bepari, Rahman and Taher Mollik 2014). If the estimation is not feasible, then the assets cash generating units recoverable amount shall be measured. The cash generating unit is the least group for identifiable asset that create inflow of cash, which are not dependent on the cash inflow of other asset group. Calculation of recoverable amount: The recoverable amount for a unit generating cash or for an asset is the higher among the two: (a) value in use (b) fair value less disposable cost. If any of these two costs is more than the carrying value of the asset, then the estimation of other value is not required as the asset is not under the process of impairment. Fair value is the expected revenue from the sale of the unit generating cash or the asset. Whereas, disposal cost include the cost directly dedicated to the cash-generating unit or asset. Disposal cost does not include expenses for income tax and finance cost (Zhuang 2016). Fair value is the net present value of the expected future cash inflows to be obtained from the asset or unit. The elements that should be taken into consideration while calculating value in use are - Expected future cash flows, probable alteration in the estimated time or amount of the future cash flows, calculation of time value of money with regard to the risk free interest rate in the market, cost of bearing the inherent risk of uncertainty, any other factors, such as, participants in the market, liquidity that can affect the future flow of cash Recognition and measurement of impairment loss: only if the carrying amount of any asset is more than its recoverable amount, then only the carrying amount should be revaluated and recognised at recoverable amount. The difference then is known as the impairment loss. The amount of impairment loss shall immediately be recognized in the income statement. The general exception to this rule is that the asset is carried out at revalued amount as per any other standard (DArcy and Tarca 2016). Then the loss from impairment will be treated as revaluation loss and not as impairment loss (Kabir and Rahman 2016). However, the carrying amount should not be reduced below the higher of the following: (a) Fair value less disposable cost, if measurable (b) Value in use, if measurable (c) Zero Reversing the impairment loss: Impairment loss identified in the past period must be recognized in the income statement immediately, except the goodwill. Impairment loss shall be reversed through allocation to the other asset of the cash generating unit on a pro-rata basis except the goodwill (Barch, Treadway and Schoen 2014). The increased carrying amount for the asset attributable upon the reversal of impairment must not be more than the carrying value that would have been calculated, if no impairment had taken place. Impairment loss for goodwill are not reversible in the future period (Khodashenas et al. 2015). Calculation of impairment loss will be as follows: Carrying amount of the asset = $16,80,000 Recoverable amount = $14,20,000 Impairment loss = $2,60,000 Loss from impairment will fisrt be used to write off the goodwill amounted to $40,000. Balance loss amounted to ($260,000 - $40,000) = $ 220,000 will be allocated to other assets except the inventory. It is assumed that inventory is recorded at lower of realisable value and cost. Allocation of Impairment Loss: Asset Carrying amount proportion Allocation of loss Net carrying amount Land $ 171,000 171/1431 $26,290 $144,710 Brand $ 160,000 160/1431 $24,598 $135,402 Shoe factory $ 700,000 700/1431 $107,617 $592,383 Machinery $ 400,000 400/1431 $61,495 $338,505 Total $14,31,000 $220,000 Table 1: Allocation of impairment loss (Source: Created by author) Journal entries for impairment loss will be as follows; Impairment loss Dr $260,000 Goodwill Cr $40,000 Land Cr $26,290 Brand Crossbow shoes Cr $24,598 Shoe factory Cr $107,617 Machinery for manufacturing Cr $61,495 [Being the loss from impairment allocated] References: Barch, D.M., Treadway, M.T. and Schoen, N., 2014. Effort, anhedonia, and function in schizophrenia: reduced effort allocation predicts amotivation and functional impairment.Journal of abnormal psychology,123(2), p.387. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance. DArcy, A. and Tarca, A., 2016.Reviewing goodwill accounting research: What do we really know about IFRS 3 and IAS 36 implementation effects. Working paper). Vienna University of Economics and Business. Kabir, H. and Rahman, A., 2016. The role of corporate governance in accounting discretion under IFRS: Goodwill impairment in Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,12(3), pp.290-308. Khodashenas, P.S., Rivas-Moscoso, J.M., Klonidis, D., Thounon, G., Betoule, C. and Tomkos, I., 2015, September. Impairment-aware resource allocation over flexi-grid network with all-optical add/drop capability. InOptical Communication (ECOC), 2015 European Conference on(pp. 1-3). IEEE. Khokan Bepari, M., F. Rahman, S. and Taher Mollik, A., 2014. Firms' compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS for goodwill impairment testing: Effect of the global financial crisis and other firm characteristics.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,10(1), pp.116-149. Laing, G.K. and Perrin, R.W., 2014. Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift: AASB 116 non-current asset measurement models.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(5-6), pp.509-519. Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

Tips For Choosing a Sample Expository History Essay

Tips For Choosing a Sample Expository History EssayA sample expository history essay can provide you with some helpful guidelines. This is an important step in your college career. Of course, it is also a very important decision that can influence whether or not you get into college. To help you make this decision, I will share with you some tips and guidelines.One of the best things about using a sample essay is that you will get a feel for the style and format. It gives you a very good idea of what a typical writer should write in your situation. Also, you will get a feel for how you might go about writing a personal essay.Most students prefer to use a sample essay. There are several reasons for this. First, they usually know that they are going to get a sample that is written by someone else who has gone through the same experience as them. They will be able to ask questions or make suggestions after reading this essay.A good idea for you is to prepare a sample essay beforehand. T his will give you an idea of how you should write a personal essay and what questions you should ask. You should do a search for samples online. You will be able to find a lot of sample essays on the Internet.However, you should do a thorough search to determine which expository history essay to use. Do a search for essay examples and decide which one is right for you. Don't just use the first one that you see! Just remember that when you are doing research, a few of the better essay examples should be of some help in determining your personal essay topic.Another tip for choosing a sample expository history essay is to think about what topics you are going to write about. Some essay examples include a woman's life, the United States, culture, government, literature, the arts, religion, and race. There are even sample essays that deal with the trial and tribulations of the Revolutionary War.There are many areas where you can write a personal essay. You may want to write about your ca reer, the arts, the constitution, society, politics, literature, or life in general. You may even find that you have a particular group of people that you would like to write about.Keep in mind that a sample expository history essay can be an invaluable resource for you. They will give you some great ideas on what to write about and how to write. Take some time to browse around and find some samples.

How to Write Better Legal Essays by Steven Vaughan

How to Write Better Legal Essays by Steven Vaughan Steven Vaughan is a senior law lecturer at University College London who definitely knows how to write the best law essays. When he asked his students to give a mark for a paper of a fresher, the feedback was ruthless. The essay, which was deemed to be really bad, appeared to be a work written by Vaughan himself when he was an Oxford undergraduate. The lecturer tried to demonstrate to his students that essays don’t have to be ideal from the very first day. Practice makes perfect is the point that he tried to make. In the interview with Guardian News, Steven Vaughan talks on how to write a winning law essay. Here are some of his guidelines that are more than likely to be useful for those who want to improve essay writing skills. How law essay should look like All essays are meant to have logic, structure, and narrative in order to effectively convey a message to the reader. In the case of law essays, it is all about a thorough inspection of the argument aimed at uncovering ground uncertainties and complexities within the law. Whatever was disclosed after the deep substantial digging needs to be used for arguing a certain position. Freshers always question how the perfect law essay should look like. In fact, the answer is simple. Teachers provide students with many academic essays to read and they are the papers, which should be taken as examples. Common mistakes 1. Students don’t answer the set question. Why? Reasons may vary but mainly that’s because they are stressed and can’t read the task properly or they just don’t fully understand the question. As Steven Vaughan put it, â€Å"don’t just vomit on the page.† Take your time to make sure that you fully understand what exactly you were asked. 2. Vaughan warns that a law essay shouldn’t be a murder mystery. When you read a piece of writing having no idea what the conclusion will be, all you want to ask is, â€Å"What’s the argument and what are you really talking about?† 3. An argument in a legal essay shouldn’t lack authority. A student may put forward valid, intelligent and well-reasoned propositions but if they don’t do well on a connection back to the law, the essay won’t be good. If you make a claim, you must support it with pieces of evidence based on the legal academic, case law or a statute section. Introduction of law essay An introduction that is too long is unacceptable for any paper, especially for a legal essay. Rambling in the very beginning never makes a reader want to read further so setting the right tone in the first paragraph is essential. Vaughan shares that he advises his students to do three important things when writing a law essay introduction. Giving a context to the argument is the first thing that should be followed by the second important step such as setting out an argument. After that, some signposting should take place in order to let the reader know what is supposed to happen over the next paragraphs or pages. Doing the research Students tend to avoid asking tutors for guidance on how to do research for their essay. Typically, the supplied reading list has two parts. It is expected that one part is the stuff that a student is supposed to know already while the second one is the additional reading, which is provided for exploring when there is extra time available. Law students tend to complain that they have too much work to do. Vaughan thinks that forming study groups can make student life easier because sharing reading between classmates can significantly help everyone prep. It is impressive when students create groups in social media such as WhatsApp or Facebook to share their knowledge with each other. Time management â€Å"Do as I say, not as I did.† This is a piece of advice, which Steven Vaughan always gives to his students. When the lecturer was a student himself, he used to stay awake all night in order to finish his essay at 6amfor 9 am tutorial. Vaughan thinks that studying should be treated as a typical nine-to-five job. Working at night or at the weekend is not something that will help you reach your goals. What you need is the discipline and a timetable sticking to which might make your student life much easier. When you finished writing, leave your essay for a while. Come back to itsome timelater and proofread it. Looking at the text with fresh eyes will help you see the imperfections and errors that were not obvious to you previously. It would be ideal if you have a trusted person or two who could give you feedback on whether you managed to convey the message in your essay effectively enough. Choose the person who is capable to be completely honest with you.

Dui Bu Qi, Saying Sorry in Mandarin Chinese

Dui Bu Qi, Saying Sorry in Mandarin Chinese There are many ways to say â€Å"sorry† in Mandarin Chinese, but one of the most common and versatile phrases is ââ€" ºduà ¬ bu qÇ . It means sorry in the sense that you have wronged someone and want to apologize. The phrase consists of three characters in traditional Chinese: Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ · (Ã¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·. Dui Bu Qi Ã¥ ¯ ¹ (duà ¬) in this case means to face, but in other situations means many other things, such as correct or to.ä ¸  (bà ¹) is a negative particle that can be translated as no or not.è µ · (qÇ ) literally means to rise,† but is often used in an extended meaning to be able to. If you put these together, you get something like unable to face, which is the feeling you have when you have wronged someone. This phrase in Chinese can function as a standalone way of saying sorry, but it can also be used as a verb, so you can say: 我å ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·Ã¤ ½   wÇ’ duà ¬buqÇ  nÇ . I have wronged you. Lets look at a few more examples. As you will see, offering an apology is often just a way of being polite, just like saying sorry is in English. ââ€" ºDuà ¬ bu qÇ , wÇ’ gÄ i zÇ’u le.Ã¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·, 我è © ²Ã¨ µ °Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·, 我è ¯ ¥Ã¨ µ °Ã¤ ºâ€ Sorry, I have to go now.ââ€" ºRà º guÇ’ wÇ’ shuÃ…  duà ¬ bu qÇ , nÇ  shà ¬ fÇ’u jià ¹ huà ¬ yun ling wÇ’?Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"我è ª ªÃ¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·, ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥  ¦Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Å"Æ'原è «â€™Ã¦Ë†â€˜?Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"我è ¯ ´Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·, ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥  ¦Ã¥ ° ±Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥Å½Å¸Ã¨ °â€¦Ã¦Ë†â€˜?If I say I’m sorry, will you be able to forgive me? It should be mentioned that there are other ways of interpreting or breaking down this phrase. You could also think of it as Ã¥ ¯ ¹ meaning to treat or correct, which would give the sense that you have not treated someone the right way or that you have done them wrong. For practical purposes, it matters little which phrase you use. Pick whichever explanation you find easiest to memorize. -Edited by Olle Linge

1111857 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

1111857 - Essay Example The oteoclasts have osteoblasts that are replicating to come up with a bone density and mass, if heavy weights fall on them, or dislocate, they are at a greater risk of getting the fractures. Hansen & Puder (2009) stated that in the elderly, the bones become weak as they advance in age in postmenopausal phase. Then, a process called osteoporosis occurs. Hip fractures are common in females because of depleted estrogen levels which predispose them to fractures. By this it means, the bone mass and density gets depleted and in turn leaves it weak. Bentley (2009) notes that, one will know they have hip fractures when they experience pain that starts in the groin or upper thigh. The pain makes the patient walk or may be unable to walk depending on the severity. For pediatrics, they cry a lot and seek attention. Since they do not talk, it may be difficult to tell what they are suffering from, but can point the areas affected. Leroith, Taylor & olefsky (2004) noted that, in the promotive aspect, both gamma nailing, also known as the sliding hip screw is a prosthetic device that is considered to be the best implant for hip fractures, Babhulkar & Tanna (2013). Ben david (2000) stated that, inguinal hernia â€Å"means there is an opening in the muscle wall that does not close, and leaves a weak area in the belly muscle.† Inguinal surgery help enhance a healthy lifestyle for the individuals. In rehabilitation, the individuals are helped to continue with their activities of daily living if not all, but at least partially and this prevents overdependence. Others get cured from the condition completely unless they provoke the recurrence. An example of this is the inguinal surgery. One presents with a bulge in the groin and complains of round lump feeling, accompanied with acute pain that is on and off. According to Heimlich (1962), he stated that, it is good to note that the surgical team, that is the Operating Department Practitioners (ODP) Hattis (2013).  , should

Personal finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal finance - Essay Example My concerns over the job market, the economy, and my student loan debt have led me to consider going to school for an additional year and earning a B.Ed. with teaching certificate so that I have a backup employment plan for the future. 1. Financial goals for the next 2 years (or until graduation with the 4 year degree). Monthly budget (show typical month to include a monthly pro-rate as needed (for each year). To some extent you have already done this. You can use spreadsheet following the basic outline of the budgets from worksheet #1 in the workbook. In a footnote add an explanation of any extraordinary items not contained in a monthly budget. After graduating, I have a two year grace period on my student loans to get settled, find a job, and begin building my career. It would make sense to start saving to build a cushion for emergencies and a base of savings to help cover bill payments. I will owe around $20,000 in student loans upon graduation, which I expect to pay off in 8 to 10 years. I have around $4000 in credit card debt from books, clothes, and other living expenses in school that I will need to manage. After graduation, I would like to travel for three months to Mexico and Latin America, and will budget around $4,000 to $5,000 in travel expenses for the trip. I expect to fund half of that through my own work and half through family gifts at graduation. In my first 2 years after college, I hope to receive a job paying in the $40,000 to $50,000 per year working for the company with which I did my internship last year. To date, I have applied but not heard back on my resume. With a budget of $40,000, I will receive around $2800 per mnoth after taxes for my budget: 2. Financial Goals for the next 8-10 years. Specific strategies to achieve them like income, major expenditures, saving amounts, and investment rate of return of targeted investments. Complete from information in worksheets and display on a spreadsheet for each year.